To understand a lecture or talk, you need to understand the connections or links in the text.
There are four main types of links used in academic texts: reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).
^Listen to the texts and identify the examples of reference.
^Listen to the texts and identify the examples of substitution and ellipsis.
Substitution is the replacement of one item by another
Ellipsis is the omission of the item.
^Listen to the texts and identify the examples of conjunction.
^Listen to the texts and identify the examples of lexical cohesion
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